The International Journal of Law Review and State Administration

Robbery with Violence as a Criminal Phenomenon in Urban Communities

Abdul Hamid, Mohd Imraan — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Robbery, as a form of theft accompanied by violence or threats of violence, has become a significant criminal phenomenon in urban societies. Rapid urbanization, population density, socioeconomic inequality, and limited employment opportunities contribute to the increasing occurrence of this crime in metropolitan areas. This study aims to analyze robbery as a criminal phenomenon within urban communities by examining its characteristics, underlying causes, and social impacts. Using a normative-empirical approach, this research combines legal analysis with criminological perspectives to understand how robbery affects public security and social order. The findings indicate that economic pressure, weak social control, and environmental factors play a major role in encouraging individuals to commit robbery. Furthermore, robbery generates fear, disrupts social stability, and reduces public trust in law enforcement institutions. Therefore, comprehensive crime prevention strategies involving law enforcement agencies, local governments, and community participation are essential to effectively address robbery in urban settings. Strengthening preventive measures and improving social welfare are crucial steps toward reducing the incidence of robbery and enhancing public safety.

Peter Hitchens’ Views on Political and Media Issues in an Interview with Michael Simmons on Spectator TV

Fatema Miah — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

An exoneration occurs when a person who has been convicted and punished for a crime is later officially declared innocent based on new and credible evidence. In such cases, the original conviction is overturned after the discovery of evidence that demonstrates the individual did not commit the alleged offense. Exonerations may result from various legal processes, including retrials, reinvestigations, and the re-examination of key evidence presented during the original proceedings. One significant factor often identified in wrongful convictions is the presence of false confessions obtained during police interrogations. Psychological research and legal studies have shown that confessions may sometimes be given under coercion, intimidation, or psychological pressure, rather than as voluntary admissions of guilt. These circumstances can lead individuals to confess to crimes they did not commit, thereby contributing to miscarriages of justice. Therefore, the examination of interrogation practices, the reliability of confession evidence, and the application of legal safeguards are essential in preventing wrongful convictions and ensuring fairness in the criminal justice system.

Critical Analysis of the Nucleus–Plasma Scheme and Community Plasma from the Perspective of Community Economic Growth and Business Law

Suhardi Somomoeljono — Tue, 10 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The plantation sector, particularly palm oil plantations, is one of the strategic sectors in Indonesia's economic development. The policy of granting Plantation Business Licenses (IUP) and Land Cultivation Rights (HGU) to plantation companies is essentially accompanied by an obligation to develop community plasma plantations amounting to at least 20% of the total cultivated land area. However, in practice, the implementation of this community plasma policy has not fully provided a significant impact on improving the welfare of communities surrounding plantation areas. This study aims to critically examine the relationship between plantation companies as the nucleus and local communities as plasma from the perspective of community economic growth and business law. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with deductive-descriptive analysis of legal policies governing plantations and the management of community plasma schemes. The findings indicate that weak legal policies and the lack of optimal government supervision are the primary factors causing the ineffective implementation of community plasma obligations. Therefore, the establishment of a special institution with national authority, such as the National Authority Agency for Indonesian Plantation Plasma (BONPPI), is necessary to supervise, coordinate, and ensure the implementation of community plasma obligations in a fair and transparent manner. The existence of such an institution is expected to improve community welfare, strengthen people's economic empowerment, and support equitable national economic growth.

The Role of International Labour Organization in Strengthening Global Labor Protection

Haryono Edi Hermawan — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The International Labour Organization plays a pivotal role in strengthening global labor protection through the establishment of international labor standards, supervision mechanisms, and technical cooperation among member states. This study aims to analyze the contribution of the ILO in promoting workers’ rights, ensuring decent work, and addressing labor violations in the context of globalization. Using a qualitative approach based on literature review, the findings reveal that the ILO has significantly influenced national labor policies through its conventions and recommendations, particularly in areas such as freedom of association, elimination of forced labor, abolition of child labor, and non-discrimination. However, challenges remain in the implementation and enforcement of these standards, especially in developing countries where economic pressures and weak regulatory systems persist. Therefore, strengthening collaboration between international institutions and national governments is essential to enhance compliance and ensure effective labor protection worldwide.

Legal Implications of De Facto State Recognition on Diplomatic and Consular Relations.

Saurav Kumar — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The recognition of de facto states remains one of the most contentious issues in contemporary international law, creating a complex web of legal ambiguities. This research examines the legal implications arising from the recognition or lack thereof of de facto regimes and its subsequent impact on diplomatic and consular relations. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach, this study analyzes how the transition from de facto existence to partial or full recognition affects the application of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The findings suggest that while de facto states may exercise effective territorial control, their exclusion from the formal diplomatic community limits their ability to claim sovereign immunities and establish permanent diplomatic missions. Furthermore, this article explores the "legal gray zone" where states engage in "informal diplomacy" through representative offices that function similarly to consulates without formal recognition. The study concludes that the inconsistency in state practice regarding de facto recognition often subordinates legal clarity to political expediency, thereby challenging the stability of international legal frameworks and the protection of individuals' rights within contested territories.